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| political_groups1 = HM Government * Conservative Party () HM Opposition * Labour Party () Other * Crossbenchers () * Liberal Democrats () * Democratic Unionist Party () * UK Independence Party () * Plaid Cymru () * Ulster Unionist Party () * Green Party () * Non-affiliated () * Lords Spiritual () | meeting_place = | term length = Peerage held for life | salary = No annual salary, but expenses paid. | website = (www.parliament.uk/lords ) }} The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster. Unlike the elected House of Commons, most members of the House of Lords are appointed. The membership of the House of Lords is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords )〕 Of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they also include some hereditary peers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=House of Lords Appointments Commission website )〕 Membership was once an entitlement of all hereditary peers, other than those in the peerage of Ireland, but under the House of Lords Act 1999, the right to membership was restricted to 92 hereditary peers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=House of Lords briefing paper on Membership:Types of Member, Routes to membership, Parties & groups )〕 Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men. While the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently sitting Lords. The House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house.〔Alan Siaroff, ''Comparing Political Regimes'', University of Toronto Press 2013, chapter 6.〕 The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have been approved by the House of Commons.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What individual Lords do )〕 It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons. While it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances,〔 – s.2 exempts bills extending the life of a Parliament from the restrictions on the Lords' powers to delay bills, while s.6 excludes Provisional Order bills.〕 it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process. Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers. The House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queen's Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. In addition to its role as the upper house, until the establishment of the Supreme Court in 2009, the House of Lords, through the Law Lords, acted as the final court of appeal in the British judicial system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Parliamentary sovereignty )〕 The House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. ==History== Today's Parliament of the United Kingdom largely descends, in practice, from the Parliament of England, though the Treaty of Union of 1706 and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty in 1707 created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland. The Parliament of England developed from the ''Magnum Concilium'', the "Great Council" that advised the King during medieval times.〔Loveland (2009) p. 158〕 This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, and representatives of the counties of England (afterwards, representatives of the boroughs as well). The first English Parliament is often considered to be the "Model Parliament" (held in 1295), which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined. For example, during much of the reign of Edward II (1307–1327), the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, but by an authoritative statute, passed by Parliament itself. Further developments occurred during the reign of Edward II's successor, Edward III. It was during this King's reign that Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers: the House of Commons (consisting of the shire and borough representatives) and the House of Lords (consisting of the bishops and abbots and the peers). The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the early fifteenth century, both Houses exercised powers to an extent not seen before. The Lords were far more powerful than the Commons because of the great influence of the great landowners and the prelates of the realm. The power of the nobility suffered a decline during the civil wars of the late fifteenth century, known as the Wars of the Roses. Much of the nobility was killed on the battlefield or executed for participation in the war, and many aristocratic estates were lost to the Crown. Moreover, feudalism was dying, and the feudal armies controlled by the barons became obsolete. Henry VII (1485–1509) clearly established the supremacy of the monarch, symbolised by the "Crown Imperial". The domination of the Sovereign continued to grow during the reigns of the Tudor monarchs in the 16th century. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547). The House of Lords remained more powerful than the House of Commons, but the Lower House continued to grow in influence, reaching a zenith in relation to the House of Lords during the middle 17th century. Conflicts between the King and the Parliament (for the most part, the House of Commons) ultimately led to the English Civil War during the 1640s. In 1649, after the defeat and execution of King Charles I, the Commonwealth of England was declared, but the nation was effectively under the overall control of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=An Act abolishing the House of Lords )〕 The House of Lords was reduced to a largely powerless body, with Cromwell and his supporters in the Commons dominating the Government. On 19 March 1649, the House of Lords was abolished by an Act of Parliament, which declared that "The Commons of England () by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England."〔 The House of Lords did not assemble again until the Convention Parliament met in 1660 and the monarchy was restored. It returned to its former position as the more powerful chamber of Parliament—a position it would occupy until the 19th century. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「House of Lords」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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